سبحانك العلم لنا إال ما علمتنا إنك أنت العليم الحكيم صدق هللا العظيم

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "سبحانك العلم لنا إال ما علمتنا إنك أنت العليم الحكيم صدق هللا العظيم"

Joshua Stanley
5 years ago
Views:

1 سبحانك العلم لنا إال ما علمتنا إنك أنت العليم الحكيم صدق هللا العظيم

3 Genetics Dept Prof. Dr. Eman M. Fahmy Dr. Lamiaa M. Kamal

4 It is developed from two originally separate sciences: Cytology (cell science) and Genetics (hereditary science). Cytogenetics deals with the study of heredity through the methods of cytology and genetics. Correlate chromosomal characteristics with patterns of genetic function and of phenotypic inheritance and distribution.

5 This science is concerned with the structure, number, function and movement of chromosomes and the numerous variations of these properties as they relate to the transmission, recombination and expression of the genes. It also deals with non-chromosomal hereditary factors. Cytology deals with cell organelles study.

6 1- Cell Organells. 2- Chromosomes: Morphology, Structure, Function, Movement, Types. 3- Variation in chromosome structure. 4- Variation in chromosome number. 5- Apply all of these to do genetic map.

7 Concepts of Genetics (2012) Klug & Cummings & Spencer Cytogenetics (1980) Schaeffer Molecular Biology of the cell (2006) Alberts and Watson Cell and Molecular Biology (1980) De Robertis and De Robertis Human chromosomes, Verma and Babu (1995). Encycleopedia of Genetics, Reeve (2001). Net sites.

9 11111

10 The primitive microscope in Cell Theory in 1838 by Schleiden and Schwann. Cell Lineage in Mendel in 1865.

11 All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division (cell Lineage).

12 A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions

13 Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

15 Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

17 Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures One-celled organisms, Bacteria

18 Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms Plant cell Animal cell

19 Typical Animal Cell

20 Typical Plant Cell

22 Prokaryotes Animal cell (Eukaryote) Plant cell (Eukaryote)

23 Cells produce tissues, Tissues produce organs, Organs produce organ systems, Organs systems produce organisms.

24 Cell chemistry is based on carbon compounds: A living cell is composed of a restricted set of elements, four of which (C, H, N, and O) make up nearly 99% of its weight. The most abundant substance of living cell is water. It accounts for about 70-90% of a cell weight.

25 If we disregard water, nearly all of the molecules in a cell are carbon compounds, which are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Broadly speaking, cells contain just four major families of small organic molecules: the simple sugars, the fatty acids, the amino acids, and the nucleotides.

26 Compound -Water -Inorganic ions -Sugars and precursors -Amino acids and prec. -Nucleotides and prec. -Fatty acids and prec. -Other small molecules -Macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides) Percent (%) of total cell weight Number of types of each molecule ~300 ~3000

27 Sugars are food molecules of the cell (a primary source of chemical energy: Monosaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharide molecules for energy storage. Fatty acids are also important for energy storage, but their most significant function is in the formation of cell membranes.

28 Amino acids are the subunits of proteins (diverse and versatile macromolecules). Nucleotides play a central part in energy transfer (ATP) and also are the subunits from which the informational macromolecules are made; DNA and RNA.

29 Organelles

31 Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer

33 Outer membrane of cell. Double layer of a very thin film of lipid and protein molecules, held together mainly by noncovalent interactions. Encloses the cell, defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and extracellular environment. Controls movement in and out of the cell.

34 Plasma membrane contains proteins that act as sensors (receptors) of external signals, allowing the cell to change its behavior in response to environmental cues, These receptors transfer information rather than ions or molecules across the membrane.

35 Ion gradients across membranes, can be used to synthesize ATP, to drive the transmembrane movement of cell signals. Cell membranes are dynamic, fluid structures, and most of their molecules are able to move about in the plane of the membrane.

36 Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

37 Encloses each cell in plant. Rigid extracellular matrix which is composed of tough cellulose microfibrils embedded in a highly cross-linked matrix of polysaccharides (mainly pectins and hemicellulose) and glycoproteins. Supports & protects cells.

40 Thank you for your Attention

I. Molecules & Cells. A. Unit One: The Nature of Science. B. Unit Two: The Chemistry of Life. C. Unit Three: The Biology of the Cell.

I. Molecules & Cells. A. Unit One: The Nature of Science. B. Unit Two: The Chemistry of Life. C. Unit Three: The Biology of the Cell. I. Molecules & Cells A. Unit One: The Nature of Science a. How is the scientific method used to solve problems? b. What is the importance of controls? c. How does Darwin s theory of evolution illustrate